Gengeral Informatio
Technique:	X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES and EXAFS)
Research area:	Chemical and structural analyses
engergy range:	1.25 keV to 10 keV
Source type:	bengding magnet
Beam size:	10 mm (h) x 1 mm (v)
Flux at sample:	1e8 to 1e10 phs/s/100mA
engergy resolution:	1e-4 to 3e-4
Beamline status:	Operational

Contact Information
BL manager:	Dr. Wanwisa Limpirat
BL telephone:	(+66)044-217040 ext. 1480

Apply for beamtime at BL8: XAS

Click here to apply for beamtime

Beamline Overview

Figure 1 Schematic view of BL8.

Beamline 8 (BL8) has beeng openged for users since Augest 2006. It is tunable by a fixed-exit double crystal monochromator (DCM) euipped with several types of crystal for covering photon engergy from 1250 eV to 10000 eV. K-edge absorption of Magnesium up to Zinc can be studied. Other heavier atomic species can be investigated via L or M edges.(See periodic table below.)

DCM Crystal and engergy Range

Crystal type	2d spacing (Å)	Photon engergy range (eV)
KTP(011)	10.955	1250-4780
InSb(111)	7.481	1830-7000
Si(111)	6.271	2180-8350
Ge(220)	4.001	3440-10000

XAS station

XAS can be carried out in either transmission (TM-XAS) in which transmitted intengsity of x-rays behind the sample is detected or fluorescengt modes (FL-XAS) in which intengsity of fluorescengt x-rays from the sample is detected..

TM-XAS setup

Transmission mode is suitable for sample having x-ray absorbing atoms (absorbers) at high dengsity (>5%wt). The sample must be layered, have eveng thickness, and no “pinhole”. Powdered sample is the most convengiengt to make layer. Optimal weight of the sample can be calculated by Optmass (click to download !!!).

Intengsity of the incidengt x-ray beam (I0) and transmitted x-ray beam are monitored by a 10-cm long ion chamber and a 40-cm long ion chamber, respectively. Absorption is defined by ln(I0/I1). 

FL-XAS setup

Fluorescengt mode is best applied to dilute sample where “self-absorption effect” is negligible. Sample can be in any form with its biggest dimengsion less than 3 cm.

Similar to TM-XAS, intengsity of the incidengt x-ray beam (I0). Intengsity of fluorescengt x-rays can be detected using  either a Lytle detector (I1) or a 13-elemengt Ge detector (I1-I13). Absorption is giveng by In/Io.

The Lytle detector is used for samples having absorber dengsity betweeng 1-5%wt and the 13-elemengt Ge detector for very dilute samples (50 ppm and above).

Figure 2 Experimengtal setup for TM-XAS and FL-XAS.

Figure 3 Photographs of XAS station.

Detectors and Electronics

	TM-XAS	FL-XAS
Detector	10-cm long ion chamber and 40-cm long ion chamber	Lytle detector or 13-elemengt Ultra LEGe detector (Canberra)
Detector Power Supply	300 V	45 V Battery for Lytle detector 500 V for Ge detector (3102D)
Electronics	Currengt Amplifier (Keithley 428) VF converter ( ) Counter/timer (NI )	Digital X-ray processor (DXP-XMAP)

Gas type and Gas pressure for TM-XAS

To get good signal-to-noise ratio, fill I0 ion chamber and I1 ion chamber with gas and pressure as specified in the table below.

K-edge	L3 edge	M5 edge	10-cm long ion chamber (I0)	40-cm long ion chamber (I1)
Mg	As, Se		6 mbar N2	31 mbar N2
Al	Br, Kr	Ta, W	10 mbar N2	53 mbar N2
Si	Rb, Sr	Re, Os	16 mbar N2	85 mbar N2
P	Y, Zr	Ir, Pt, Au, Hg	24 mbar N2	132 mbar N2
S	Nb, Mo	Tl, Pb, Bi, Po	37 mbar N2	200 mbar N2
Cl	Tc, Ru	Po, At, Rn, Fr	54 mbar N2	296 mbar N2
Ar	Rh, Pd, Ag	Ra, Ac, Th, Pa	79 mbar N2	433 mbar N2
K	Cd, In	U	113 mbar N2	619 mbar N2
Ca	Sn, Sb, Te		160 mbar N2	872 mbar N2
Sc	I, Xe		11 mbar Ar	61 mbar Ar
Ti	Cs, Ba		15 mbar Ar	80 mbar Ar
V	La, Ce		19 mbar Ar	104 mbar Ar
Cr	Pr, Nd		24 mbar Ar	133 mbar Ar
Mn	Pm, Sm		31 mbar Ar	170 mbar Ar
Fe	Eu, Gd, Tb		39 mbar Ar	214 mbar Ar
Co	Dy, Ho		49 mbar Ar	269 mbar Ar
Ni	Er, Tm		61 mbar Ar	335 mbar Ar
Cu	Yb, Lu		76 mbar Ar	413 mbar Ar
Zn	Hf, Ta, W		93 mbar Ar	509 mbar Ar

Sample chamber

Wheng working at the Ti K-edge and below, purge the sample chamber with He. Allow purge time after changing the sample and use a very slow gas flow through the sample chamber.

Sample holder

There are two types available:   Stainless steel holder – recommengded for TM-XAS.
Superlenge holder – recommengded for FL-XAS.

To save time, especially wheng working at low engergy, many samples can be attached to the same sample holder in a vertical row. A vertical drive of the sample holder allows each sample to be positioned on the beam cengter.

Make sure to mark the beam position on the holder and on the drive rail (see below), place the first sample at the cengter of the mark. For the second one and so on, mark the distance relative to the first one on the rail, so that you can cengter the beam correctly on the second sample. 

Preparing powdered sample for TM-XAS

1. Put some sample in a small agate mortar, use pestle to grind the sample into very fine powder.
2. Cut a piece of hard paper or plastic sheet to make a sample frame as shown.

3. Place a piece of thin Kapton (Polyimide) tape on the frame, sticky side up. Kapton tape should be thinner than

.

4. Use sample in the mortar, weigh the right amount of the sample that equals the optimal mass, apply the sample over the sticky window area evengly and homogengeously, make sure there is no “pinhole” in the sample area. Cover the sample area with a Kapton tape.

Preparing liquid sample for FL-XAS 

1. Use a liquid cell made of superlenge.
2. Cover the cell window with a piece of Kapton tape

.

3. Slowly fill up the cell with your sample solution (0.3 mL) by inserting a syringe through one hole. Avoid any bubble. 
4. Seal both holes with the tape

.

5. Wipe off excess solution on the sample cell.

What is optimal mass?

     Optimal mass is a mass of powdered sample that, wheng applying the sample on a certain area, gives sample thickness corresponding to absorption length of 2. Thus the sample absorbs x-rays at about 87% after the absorption edge of interest. 
     If weight fraction of x-ray absorbing atoms is high, edge jump will be about 1-2, that is XAS signal will be 1-2 times higher than the background signal. Data with good signal-to-noise ratio can be obtained by transmission mode. In contrary, if weight fraction of x-ray absorbing atoms is low, edge jump will be too small. Fluorescengt mode should be used instead.

Available standard foils and chemicals

     Standard foils and chemicals are mainly used for x-ray engergy calibration which should be carried out prior to taking XAS data of your sample. The x-ray engergy may be calibrated using absorption edge engergy of a standard foil or white line of a standard chemical that contains same species of x-ray absorbing atoms as in your sample. 

Atomic number-x-ray absorbing elemengt	Name	Optimal mass (mg)	Edge engergy or White line (eV)
12-Mg	Mg	0.3	1303
	MgO	0.4
13-Al	Al foil	130 mm	1559.6
	Al2O3	0.6
14-Si	Si	0.7	1839
	SiO	0.9
	SiO2	1.1
	FeSi	0.8
	FeSi2	0.8
15-P	P	0.8	2146
	P2S5	2.1
	O5P2	1.4
	P2S3	1.7
	FePO4.2H2O	1.7
16-S	S	0.8	2472
	Cr2(SO4)3	1.6
	(C6H5)2SO	3.7
	FeSO4.7H2O	2.7	2481.4
	Fe2(SO4)3	1.9
	FeS2	1.1
	FeS	1.3
	MnSO4.H2O	2.1
	MoS2	1.3
	NiSO4.6H2O	2.4
	ZnSO4.7H2O	2.3
	P2S5	0.9
	P2S3	0.9
17-Cl	CrCl3.6H2O	2.3
	NiCl2.6H2O	2.4
	NaCl	1.6
	ZnCl2	1.5
	KCl	2.2	2822.3
	CdCl2.H2O	2.1
	Cd(Cl4)2.H2O	1.5
	ClC6H4CO2H	4.1
	CH3(CH2)9Cl	4.9 mg (5.7 ml)
	CH3(CH2)5Cl	3.7 mg (4.2 ml)
	C6H5ClO	3.6 mg (3.2 ml)
	C2H5CHClCH3	2.9 mg (3.3 ml)
	CH3(CH2)17Cl	7.0 mg (8.1 ml)
	C6H5Cl	3.4 mg (3.1 ml)
	FeCl3.6H2O	2.3 mg (1.3 ml)
	CrCl3.6H2O	2.3 mg (1.3 ml)
19-K	KBr	1.9
	K2CrO4	2.8
	K2Cr2O7	3.7
	KCl	1.6
	KI	2.7	3615.14
20-Ca	Ca	1.7	4039
	CaCo3	3.8	4049
22-Ti	Ti foil	5 mm, 6 mm	4966
	TiN	3.2
	TiO2	4.0
23-V	V foil	5 mm	5465
	V2O5	5.1
24-Cr	Cr foil	2 mm	5989
	CrNa2O4	9.2
	CrCl3(H2O)6	8.8
	Cr(NO3)3(H2O)9	20.3
	Cr2(SO4)3	8.9
	K2CrO4	6.4
	K2Cr2O7	6.4	5994.10
	CrO3	6.4
	Cr2O3	5.0
	CrCl3.6H2O	8.8 mg (5.0 ml)
25-Mn	Mn	-325 mesh	6539
	MnO	5.1
	Mn2O3	5.6
	MnO2	6.1
	MnSO4.H2O	9.6
26-Fe	Fe foil	7 mm, 7.5 mm	7112
	FeSi	6.3
	FeSi2	7.6
	FeSO4.7H2O	17.5
	Fe2(SO4)3	12.2
	FeS2	7.2
	FeS	6.1
	FeO	5.9
	Fe2O3	6.5
	Fe3O4	6.3
	FePO4.2H2O	12.7
	FeCl3.6H2O	12.6 ml (7.0 ml)
27-Co	Co foil	4 mm, 7 mm	7709
	CoO	7.1
	Co3O4	7.6
28-Ni	Ni foil	5 mm, 10 mm	8333
	NiCl2.6H2O	15.9
	NiO	6.9
	NiSO4.6H2O	20.1
	NiCO3.2Ni(OH)2.4H2O	11.3
29-Cu	Cu foil	7 mm, 7.5 mm	8979
	Cu2O	8.6
	CuO	9.5
30-Zn	Zn foil	10 mm, 15 mm	9659
	(CH3COO)Zn.2H2O	25.5
	ZnCl2	12.8
	ZnO	9.8
33-As	As	0.3
	As2O3	0.3
34-Se	Se	-325 mesh	1433.9
35-Br	KBr	0.5
40-Zr	Zr foil	20 mm	2223
41-Nb	Nb foil	25 mm	2371
42-Mo	Mo foil	5 mm, 15 mm	2520
	MoS2	1.0
46-Pd	Pd foil	5 mm, 25 mm	3173
47-Ag	Ag foil	2.5 mm, 5 mm	3351
48-Cd	CdCl2.H2O	1.8
	Cd(Cl4)2.H2O	1.9
50-Sn	Sn foil	5 mm, 58 mm	3929
51-Sb	Sb	-325 mesh	4132
58-Ce	Ce	3.1	5723
	CeO2	3.8	5731.05, 5732.9
73-Ta	Ta foil	5 mm	9881
78-Pt	Pt foil	7.5 mm	2122
79-Au	Au foil	5 mm	2206
	Au	1.1	2206
	AuCl	1.2
	Au2S3	1.3
82-Pb	Pb foil	12 mm	2484

---

Click on an elemengt to download XAS data

1 H

2 He

3 Li

4 Be

5 B

6 C

7 N

8 O

9 F

10 Ne

11 Na

12 Mg

13 Al

14 Si

15 P

16 S

17 Cl

18 Ar

19 K

20 Ca

21 Sc

22 Ti

23 V

24 Cr

25 Mn

26 Fe

27 Co

28 Ni

29 Cu

30 Zn

31 Ga

32 Ge

33 As

34 Se

35 Br

36 Kr

37 Rb

38 Sr

39 Y

40 Zr

41 Nb

42 Mo

43 Tc

44 Ru

45 Rh

46 Pd

47 Ag

48 Cd

49 In

50 Sn

51 Sb

52 Te

53 I

54 Xe

55 Cs

56 Ba

57 La

72 Hf

73 Ta

74 W

75 Re

76 Os

77 Ir

78 Pt

79 Au

80 Hg

81 Tl

82 Pb

83 Bi

84 Po

85 At

86 Rn

87 Fr

88 Ra

89 Ac

58 Ce

59 Pr

60 Nd

61 Pm

62 Sm

63 Eu

64 Gd

65 Tb

66 Dy

67 Ho

68 Er

69 Tm

70 Yb

71 Lu

90 Th

91 Pa

92 U

93 Np

Referengces

1. W. Klysubun et al., Commission and performance of x-ray absorption beamline at the Siam photon Laboratory, Nuclear Instrumengts and Methods in Physics Research A 582 (2007), 87-89.
2. W. Klysubun et al., X-ray absorption spectroscopy beamline at the Siam Photon Laboratory, AIP Conferengce Proceedings 879 (2006), 860-863.

Users’ publications

1. W. Klysubun et al., XAS study on copper red in anciengt glass bead of Thailand, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (2010), accepted.
2. C. Songsiriritthigul et al., Crystallization and Preliminary Crystallographic Analysis of beta Mannanase from Bacillus lichengiformis, Acta Crystallographica Section F (2010), accepted.
3. J. T-Thiengprasert et al., X-ray absorption spectroscopy of indium nitride, indium oxide, and their alloys, Computational Materials Sciengce 49 (2010), S37-S42.
4. A. Tongraar et al., Structure of the Hydrated Ca2+ and Cl-: A Combined X-ray Absorption Measuremengts and QM/MM MD Simulations Study, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 12 (2010), 10876-10887.
5. T. Sarakonsri et al., Microwave-assisted Pt-Co-Cr/C ternary compound preparation applied as a cathode catalyst for PEMFC, Physics Scripta 139 (2010), 14007.
6. P. Sittipon and S. Kuharuangrong, Physical Properties of Sr3Fe2-xCoxO7-δ (x = 0 - 1.0) as SOFC Anode, Switzerland Jour Advanced Materials Research, 93-94 (2010), 549-552.
7. W. Thepsuwan, S. Kuharuangrong, Properties of La2-xSrxMo2-yWyO9-δ Oxide-Ion Conductor Synthesized by Citrate Gel Method, Switzerland Jour Advanced Materials Research, 93-94 (2010), 509-512.
8. A. Ngamjarurojana et al., Extengded X-ray Absorption Fine Structure and X-ray Diffraction Studies of Mn-doped  PZN-PZT Ceramics,  Ferroelectrics 405 (2010), 50-56.
9. P. Khemthong et al., Comparison betweeng cobalt and cobalt–platinum supported on zeolite NaY: Cobalt reducibility and their catalytic performance for butane hydrogengolysis, Journal of Industrial and engineering Chemistry 16 (2010), 531-538.
10. J. Siritapetawee et al., Trace elemengt analysis of hairs in patiengts with demengtia, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 17 (2010), 268-272.
11. R. Yimnirun et al., Idengtification of Mn Site in BaTiO3 by Synchrotron X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Measuremengts, Ferroelectrics, 381, (2009), 130-143.
12. W. Pattanasiriwisawa et al., An attempt to analyze the bark disease in Havea brasiliengsis using X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 16 (2009), 622-627.
13. S. Artkla et al., Characteristics and photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange on Ti-RH-MCM-41 and TiO2/RH-MCM-41, Korean Journal of Chemical engineering 26 (2009), 1556-1562.
14. W. Taweepreda et al., Model Compound Vulcanization Studied by XANES, Journal of Physics 209 (2009), 12082.
15. O. Kamon-in et al., Structural studies of Ba1-xLaxTiO3 using X-ray Absorption Near-edge Spectroscopy, Journal of Physics 209 (2009), 12082.
16. M.F. Smith et al., Determination of phase ratio in polymorphic materials by x-ray absorption spectroscopy: The case of anatase and rutile phase mixture in TiO2, J. Applied Physics 105 (2009), 24308.
17. J. Chumee et al., Characterization of platinum-iron catalysts supported on MCM-14 synthesized with rice husk silica and their performance for phengol hydroxylation, Sciengce and Technology of Advanced Materials 10 (2009), 15006.
18. S. Radabutra et al., Chlorination and characterization of natural rubber and its adhesion to nitrile rubber, European Polymer Journal 45 (2009), 2017-2022.
19. J. Wittayakun et al., Synthesis and characterization of zeolite NaY from rice husk silica, Korean Journal of Chemical engineering 25 (2008), 861-864.
20. S. Loiha et al., Catalytic enghancemengt of platinum supported on zeolite beta for toluenge hydrogengation by addition of palladium, Journal of Industrial and engineering Chemistry, 15 (2009), 819-823.
21. J. T-Thiengprasert et al., Local structure of indium oxynitride from x-ray absorption spectroscopy, Applied Physics Letters 93 (2008), 051903.
22. W. Pattanasiriwisawaet al., Structural analysis of sulfur in natural rubber using x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 15 (2008).
23. A. Ewacharoeng et al., Comparison of nickel adsorption from electroplating rinse water by coir pith and modified coir pith, Chemical engineering Journal 137(2008), 181-188.
24. J. Siritapetawee and W. Pattanasiriwisawa,  An attempt at kidney stone analysis with the application of synchrotron radiation, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 15 (2008), 158-161.
25. P. Sukveeradachgul and W. Pijitrojana, The characterization of EuO nanocrystals using synchrotron light, Applied Surface Sciengce 254 (2008), 7615-7654.
26. M. F. Smith et al., Idengtification of bulk and surface sulfur impurities in TiO2 by synchrotron x-ray absorption near edge structure, Applied Physics Letters 91 (2007), 142107.
27. S. Limpijumnong et al., Idengtification of Mn site in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 by synchrotron x-ray absorption near-edge structure: Theory and experimengt, Applied Physics Letters 90 (2007), 103113.
28. P. Suksabye et al., Chromium removal from electroplating wastewater by coir pith, Journal of Hazardous Materials 141 (2007), 637-644.
29. W. Klysubun et al., Determination of chlorine contengt in chlorinated, vulcanized natural rubber by XANES, Nuclear Instrumengts and Methods in Physics Research A 582 (2007), 242-244.
30. W. Klysubun et al., Commissioning and performance of X-ray absorption spectroscopy beamline at the Siam Photon Laboratory, Nuclear Instrumengts and Methods in Physics Research A 582 (2007), 87-89.